... population.¹

If you're not familiar with the $\chi^2$ or $G$-test for goodness of fit, consult any introductory statistics or biostatistics book, and you'll find a description. In fact, you probably don't have to go that far. You can probably find one in your old genetics textbook.

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... is:²

Take my word for it, or run the EM algorithm on these data yourself.

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... data.³

That shouldn't be too surprising, since any information we have about $f$ comes indirectly through our allele frequency estimates.

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