... services.¹

Which is close to #1 but not identical.

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...http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/wolves.htm).²

Wolves were re-introduced to Yellowstone in 1995 and 1996.

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... Earth.''³

We'll finish up the course with a discussion of hotspots and coldspots in the context of setting global conservation priorities.

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...fig:luck-complementarity).⁴

Overlap is defined as occurring when a grid cell required for conservation corresponds to a grid cell in the top decile of human population density.

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... elements⁵

element--a species or natural community.

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... ``represented.''⁶

We saw an example of this in the Luck et al. [3] study.

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... occurrence.⁷

Note: The principle is the same if we decide that we want to ensure that each element is represented more than once.

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... extent.⁸

Note:The principle is the same if we decide that we want to ensure representation of some other fraction of the total regional extent.

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... systems⁹

Land systems are defined as ``recurring patterns of landform, soil, and vegetation.

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...--assuming¹⁰

And it's a big assumption

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... few.¹¹

Or at least they're few if we're thinking in terms of traditional conservation reserves. They are abundant if we think about managing ecosystems in which humans are an integral part of the system.

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... direct impact.¹²

At scales smaller than a hectare or so, stochastic changes become almost unavoidable and may dominate the dynamics. At scales larger than a few tens of square kilometers it is difficult to have any impact on the whole system, except to the extent that actions like reducing the output of greenhouse gases affects all systems on the planet.

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... group.¹³

A similar analysis probably isn't possible anywhere else in the world.

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...Insularization¹⁴

insularization--the production of islands of habitats, insularization is another name for fragmentation

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... rates.¹⁵

If we know the rate at which tropical rainforest is being lost and the species-area relationships typical of a tropical rainforest, we can calculate the rate at which species diversity is being reduced.

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... genetic diversity).¹⁶

It's worth noting that it probably doesn't work this way, but it does illustrate that the management advice from island biogeography theory isn't as straightforward as we might have hoped.

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... boundaries.¹⁷

The trouble with common sense, as Voltaire points out in his Philosophical Dictionary, is that it is not very common.

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